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101.
Geoffrey N. Delin Richard W. Healy Matthew K. Landon John Karl Bhlke 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(6):1401-1416
ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted from 1992 to 1995 to estimate ground water recharge rates at two sites located within a 2.7‐hectare agricultural field. The field lies in a sand plain setting in central Minnesota and is cropped continuously in field corn. The sites are located at a topographically high (upland) site and a topographically low (lowland) site in an effort to quantify the effects of depression focusing of recharge. Three site‐specific methods were used to estimate recharge rates: well hydrograph analysis, chlorofluorocarbon age dating, and an unsaturated zone water balance. All three recharge methods indicated that recharge rates at the lowland site (annual average of all methods of 29 cm) exceeded those at the upland site (annual average of 18 cm). On an annual basis, estimates by the individual methods ranged from 12 to 44 percent of precipitation at the upland site and from 21 to 83 percent at the lowland site. The difference in recharge rates between the sites is primarily attributed to depression focusing of surface water runon at the lowland site. However, two other factors were also important: the presence of thin lamellae at the upland site, and coarser textured soils below a depth of 1.5 m at the lowland site. 相似文献
102.
PETER W. J. BAXTER†‡†† JOHN L. SABO§ CHRIS WILCOX‡ MICHAEL A. McCARTHY † HUGH P. POSSINGHAM‡ 《Conservation biology》2008,22(1):89-98
Abstract: Introduced predators can have pronounced effects on naïve prey species; thus, predator control is often essential for conservation of threatened native species. Complete eradication of the predator, although desirable, may be elusive in budget‐limited situations, whereas predator suppression is more feasible and may still achieve conservation goals. We used a stochastic predator–prey model based on a Lotka‐Volterra system to investigate the cost‐effectiveness of predator control to achieve prey conservation. We compared five control strategies: immediate eradication, removal of a constant number of predators (fixed‐number control), removal of a constant proportion of predators (fixed‐rate control), removal of predators that exceed a predetermined threshold (upper‐trigger harvest), and removal of predators whenever their population falls below a lower predetermined threshold (lower‐trigger harvest). We looked at the performance of these strategies when managers could always remove the full number of predators targeted by each strategy, subject to budget availability. Under this assumption immediate eradication reduced the threat to the prey population the most. We then examined the effect of reduced management success in meeting removal targets, assuming removal is more difficult at low predator densities. In this case there was a pronounced reduction in performance of the immediate eradication, fixed‐number, and lower‐trigger strategies. Although immediate eradication still yielded the highest expected minimum prey population size, upper‐trigger harvest yielded the lowest probability of prey extinction and the greatest return on investment (as measured by improvement in expected minimum population size per amount spent). Upper‐trigger harvest was relatively successful because it operated when predator density was highest, which is when predator removal targets can be more easily met and the effect of predators on the prey is most damaging. This suggests that controlling predators only when they are most abundant is the “best” strategy when financial resources are limited and eradication is unlikely. 相似文献
103.
采集了滇池100多个沉积物柱样,并借助GIS对滇池作了分区;分段测试每个柱样的全磷(TP)含量及各区代表性柱样的137Cs含量,利用137Cs定年法确定0~5cm,5~10cm,10~15cm深度区间对应的时段是1986~2003年,1963~1986年,1954~1963年.在此基础上估算滇池不同区域与泥沙沉积量对应的TP沉积通量和总量.结果表明,近50年,全湖TP年均蓄积量为780t,表层15cm沉积物中TP累积量为3.89×104t.沉积物中磷蓄积已成为滇池水体磷的重要内部来源. 相似文献
104.
The ranked-set sampling (RSS) is applicable in practical problems where the variable of interest for an observed item is costly or time-consuming but the ranking of a set of items according to the variable can be easily done without actual measurement. In the context of RSS, the need for density estimation arises in certain statistical procedures. The density estimation also has its own interest. In this article, we develop a method for the density estimation using RSS data. We derive the properties of the resulted density estimate and compare it with its counterpart in simple random sampling (SRS). It is shown that the density estimate using RSS data provides a better estimate of the density than the usual density estimate using SRS data. The density estimate developed in this article can well serve various purposes in the context of RSS. 相似文献
105.
利用电位滴定法在716DMS型自动电位滴定仪上实现对气田废水中C1-的快速、灵敏、准确测定,避免了色度、浊度的干扰。对方法的检出限、标样和实际水样精密度、准确度,进行了全面的测定分析,并与硝酸银滴定法进行了对比。氯化物的检出限为0.32mg/L;相对标准偏差小于等于2.1%,加标回收率在98.9%101%范围内,对同一标样和实际样品的测定两种方法的结果吻合较好。 相似文献
106.
107.
鄱阳湖作为我国最大淡水湖,其周边分布若干沙山。此前研究多认为这些沙山为风成堆积的产物。选取星子镇沙岭沙山顶部(吴淞高程约58.3 m)一处红色砂层(含泥质团块)为研究对象,开展粒度分析和释光测年,以进一步揭示其形成环境和年代。粒度结果为:(1)以中粗砂为主;(2)粒度分选性差;(3)频率分布曲线显示该红色砂层包含多峰;(4)概率累积曲线显示该红色砂层包含1个推移组分、2个跃移组分和4个悬移组分;(5)萨胡判别公式值均>-2.74。之后,对红色砂层下伏泥层、红色砂层和红色砂层上覆黄色砂层开展石英单颗粒释光测年,其年代分别为:(24.7±2.1) ka、(24.0±2.4) ka和(22.4±3.9) ka。研究表明该红色砂层虽然形成于MIS2阶段,但其不是干旱环境下的风成沉积砂层。 相似文献
108.
针对未来多架物流无人机飞行在同一航线可能引起的安全冲突问题,提出规划无人机之间的安全间隔以规避运行风险.根据无人机在地面控制系统监控下的飞行特点,结合位置误差概率模型,综合考虑无人机定位误差、速度误差以及侧风的影响,依次建立无人机之间纵向、侧向和垂直方向的碰撞风险评估模型,并得出ICAO安全目标水平下的最小安全间隔.选... 相似文献
109.
110.
为准确分析基坑沉降变性规律,基于现场监测数据,通过卡尔曼滤波对趋势项及误差项进行分解,采用M-K检验对发展趋势进行评价,利用优化广义回归神经网络和差分整合移动平均自回归模型,构建基坑沉降分项预测模型,并将预测结果与发展趋势评价结果对比分析,以实现基坑沉降变形规律综合研究。结果表明:卡尔曼滤波能有效分解基坑沉降数据趋势项与误差项,相较于传统小波分解效果更佳;基坑沉降呈持续增加趋势,但趋势性逐渐减弱;预测结果相对误差均值均不大于2%,预测模型精度较高;沉降变形会进一步增加,但增加速率明显降低,与发展趋势分析结果一致,两者相互佐证分析结果准确性。研究结果为基坑沉降变形规律分析提供新思路。 相似文献